Common Instructions

These are the terms and instructions clients, councils and legal teams commonly use for this work in Australian practice.

• Groundwater investigation
• Hydrogeological investigation
• Groundwater assessment
• Groundwater remediation

Reviewer

Reviewed by Michael Nicholls, Principal Environmental Scientist (CEnvP #0831, Site Contamination Specialist SC40037).

Last reviewed 24 May 2026.

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Primary Sources

These official references commonly inform the way this work is scoped, interpreted or defended.

• ASC NEPM
• PFAS NEMP 3.0
• NSW EPA contaminated land guidelines

Groundwater / PFAS / hydrogeology

Groundwater remediation, PFAS and water services for sites where migration risk matters.

iEnvi assists with groundwater monitoring, groundwater remediation, hydrogeological interpretation and water-related contamination issues where off-site migration, compliance, remediation or long-term management decisions depend on a clearer technical position.

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Typical matters

Typical matters

• Groundwater impacts linked to industrial, landfill, petroleum or broader contamination issues.
• PFAS, plume migration and bore network review.
• Projects needing practical interpretation rather than raw data alone.

Scope of advice

Scope of advice

• Groundwater monitoring programmes and bore network advice.
• Hydrogeological interpretation, plume review and risk assessment support.
• Input to remediation strategies, long-term monitoring and stakeholder communication.

How we work

How we work

• Groundwater advice connected to contaminated land and remediation decisions.
• Clear communication of what groundwater results mean for the site and adjacent land.
• Clear advice where water issues affect approvals, liabilities or remediation cost.

Related projects

Where groundwater and hydrogeological support is usually needed.

These published project summaries provide practical examples of adjacent site issues and service delivery.

Project summary

From Quarterly to Biannual: Groundwater Monitoring that Keeps Risk Low

Practical groundwater monitoring that confirms monitored natural attenuation, meets regulator expectations, and supports a safe transition from quarterly to biannual sampling with clear triggers…

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Project summary

Hexavalent Chromium Groundwater and Soil Remediation – Steel Processing

Remediation program for Cr6+ impacted soils and fractured-basalt groundwater at a long‑running steel processing facility. Summary of contamination, in‑situ treatment techniques trialled, pilot results…

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Project summary

Simple UPSS Petroleum Contamination Groundwater Remediation Solution for Council Depot, Central‑Northern NSW

Practical, cost‑conscious remediation and long‑term management of petroleum contamination at Council depots using a monitored natural attenuation (MNA)‑led strategy supported by targeted product removal…

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Related pages

Further reading and related service pages.

Remediation

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UPSS and Underground Fuel Tank Services

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Detailed Site Investigations

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Need advice on this issue?

Contact iEnvi on 13000 43 684 or email info@ienvi.com.au to discuss the site, timing and available information.

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Common Questions

What triggers the need for groundwater monitoring?

Groundwater monitoring is usually required when contamination has been identified at or near the water table, when a regulator notice or environmental audit requires it, when a site is near sensitive receptors such as waterways or drinking water bores, or when an ongoing remediation or management programme needs performance tracking. It is also common during construction dewatering on contaminated sites.

How is PFAS in groundwater managed?

PFAS management depends on the concentrations, the exposure pathway, and the beneficial use of the groundwater. Options range from monitored natural attenuation to active treatment and containment. Common approaches include plume delineation, risk-based assessment against PFAS NEMP criteria, source control, and treatment where concentrations exceed relevant guidelines for the receiving environment or beneficial use. iEnvi provides site-specific advice on the most practical and defensible approach.

What is the cost of ongoing groundwater monitoring?

Costs vary depending on the number of monitoring wells, analytes, frequency, and reporting requirements. A typical quarterly monitoring round for a small site with 4–6 wells might cost $3,000–$6,000 per event including sampling, laboratory analysis, and reporting. Larger sites or sites with PFAS, volatile organics, or complex hydrogeology will be higher. We design monitoring programmes to be fit-for-purpose so clients are not over-sampling or under-reporting.